文章來源 : 農業科技決策資訊平台    2026-04-01

生技減碳國際趨勢

工業技術研究院 生醫與醫材研究所 陳俞汶、許博堯、陳柔澐、呂居勳

一、臺灣生技減碳現 況

　　隨著國際間加速推動淨零排放與永續轉型，臺灣於2023年完成《氣候變遷因應法》三讀立法，正式將2050淨零排放目標入法，並建立長期減碳路徑、碳費制度與減量措施，強化國內減碳目標與制定相關減碳機制。在全球暖化加劇與國際減碳壓力持續升高的背景下，導入負碳技術抵銷高階製造難以完全去碳化的產業，已成為目前實現碳中和的重要手段。我國現行淨零科技方案已將負碳相關技術納入重點發展方向，包含碳捕捉利用及封存、自然碳匯。因應氣候變遷的迫切性，環境部於2025年重新檢視我國2030年國家自定貢獻(Nationally Determined Contribution, NDC)目標，將原NDC 2.0之減量幅度24±1%，調升為NDC 3.0之28±2%，顯示臺灣正加速與國際氣候治理標準接軌，以應對更高強度之減碳與移除需求。

　　生技產業被視為連結科技創新與環境治理的重要關鍵，橫跨農業生技、製藥、食品生技與醫療器材等領域，其研發導向與高附加價值的特性，使其更高度迫切需要進行減碳措施。然而，現行生技製程多仰賴能源投入、化學試劑與高純度製造環境，衍生之溫室氣體排放、資源使用與廢棄物管理問題，亦使生技產業成為淨零轉型中不可忽視的一環。

二、國際淨零碳排法規

• 歐盟

　　作為全球首個設定2050淨零排放目標之經濟體，長期扮演領導者之角色，致力於實現永續及經濟增長之雙重目標。為了加速碳中和進程，生物能源與碳捕獲和封存(Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage, BECCS)相關生物技術之應用及發展已成為不可或缺之一環。為此，歐盟於2024年達成臨時協議，建立首個歐盟層級的碳移除認證框架(carbon removals certification framework, CRCF)¹，涵蓋永久性碳移除、碳耕作和產品碳封存，並首度將農業土壤減排納入法規範疇。此框架更進一步定義出碳淨效益，適用於歐盟的氣候目標和國家自定貢獻。

　　同年通過《淨零工業法案》(Net-Zero Industry Act, NZIA) ²，針對19項淨零科技技術，關鍵淨零科技進行綠色技術投資與加速許可程序，降低行政負擔並簡化許可授予流程。2025年第一季，頒布《清潔工業協議》(Clean Industrial Deal)，透過增進清潔能源投資與降低能源成本，加速實現氣候目標達成³。延續生技政策佈局，歐盟於2025年正式啟動「生物科技與生物製造樞紐計畫」⁴，加速歐洲生技產業的技術轉移與創新產品推送至至歐盟市場端，提高競爭力。另歐盟發起Horizon Europe計畫，約600萬歐元配予DACCS及BECCS項目⁵。

　　除歐盟層級政策外，成員國亦實行多項鼓勵策略。法國啟動生物甲烷購買協議與生產證書⁶；丹麥設立NECCS基金，支持生物源二氧化碳捕集及地質儲存技術並授予BECCS計畫合約⁷；瑞典能源局資助Stockholm Exergi能源公司推動建置二氧化碳生物碳捕捉與儲存計畫⁸。整體而言，歐盟透過完善的碳移除政策與資金支持，加速生物技術於淨零碳排領域的進展。

• 美國生技產業之淨零碳排政策

　　美國作為全球第二大碳排量國家⁹，針對淨零碳排目標提出國家自主貢獻，並通過《降低通膨法案》(Inflation Reduction Act, IRA)，涵蓋稅收、清潔能源、醫療等領域，為致力於發展電力脫碳、清潔燃料轉換、擴大二氧化碳去除規模、減少能源浪費等企業祭出稅收優惠政府資助，如延長45Q(碳氧化物封存)政策，將CCS及DACCS納入適用範圍，每封存一噸二氧化碳可獲得高達85美元之補貼，若進行DACCS則抵免額可提高至每噸180美元^10,11。

　　此外，聯邦政府已啟動CDR試點購買計畫¹²，提供有影響力之CDR提案、制定和完善計畫團隊最多達3,500萬美元獎勵，涵蓋直接空氣捕捉、碳清除和儲存生物質(Biomass with Carbon Removal and Storage, BiCRS)技術、強化岩石風化及礦化技術，和計劃管理碳匯。

　　在農業領域，美國農業部發布「2024-2027年氣候因應計畫」¹³，訂定因應氣候變遷的風險影響評估與行動方案，聚焦土壤與森林健康、氣候智慧型實踐、氣候資訊取得和可用性，並透過氣候中心(Climate Hub)支持氣候變遷任務區內的科技與工具。另於2025年提出氣候智慧農業作為生物燃料原料技術指引臨時準則¹⁴，並發布原料碳強度計算器測試版，促進農場及作物碳強度量化。整體而言，美國正透過碳移除與生物燃料政策，提升產業與農業部門對淨零目標的貢獻，加速淨零技術產業化與永續發展。

三、國際生物型負碳技術發展

　　過去傳統以植物種植方式去除或封存溫室氣體，雖具固碳能力，卻可能衍生耕地競爭、生物多樣性危機等環境問題。藻類與微生物具備環境適應力強、光合速率高、生長週期短、不與糧食競爭土地利用，且可生產高經濟價值產品等優勢^15,16。研究指出，浮游藻類與光合微生物吸收溫室氣體能力較樹木與陸地生物高出44倍¹⁷，促使各國近年致力於發展生物型負碳技術。

　　具高二氧化碳捕捉率之Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus, Botryococcus brunaii, Spirulina, and Anabaena sp.可與不同基質混合於光生物反應器封存二氧化碳¹⁸。此外，微藻與細菌聚合成之微藻細菌顆粒汙泥(MBGS)，年捕捉溫室氣體量可達約1,410萬噸¹⁹，兩者亦可進行協同反應，將二氧化碳礦化為碳酸鈣沉澱，創造碳捕捉與儲存之雙重途徑^15,19。除減碳外，可有效捕獲去除溫室氣體，固碳產物亦可發展為具經濟價值之綠色能源及綠色產品，協助化石燃料經濟轉型^15,17,20,21。

　　綜上所述，生物型負碳技術之快速演進正為全球氣候目標的達成注入動力。技術創新不僅擴展應用範圍、提高碳捕捉效率，亦改善經濟可行性，有望為各國未來減排計劃提供可行之技術支持。

四、生技產業淨零碳排行動方案

• 農業生技

　　農業對溫室氣體之貢獻，約有38%源自於土壤中氧化亞氮的排放。由於氧化亞氮之溫室效應是二氧化碳的310倍。因此，擬定有效之減量策略對於推動最佳農業管理實踐及實現綠色產品生產至關重要³⁷。微生物於強化農業生態系統永續性方面扮演的角色日益重要。透過使用微生物接種劑或微生物肥料等，能夠顯著減少土壤碳排放，並且有助於促進土壤與作物健康，提升生長速率與產量，同時增強其對非生物和生物脅迫的抵抗力。更重要的是，這些皆有利於減少溫室氣體排放並促進碳封存，從而建立永續農業循環系統^38,39。實驗研究顯示特定菌株如Cloacibacterium sp. CB-01，可於田間減少50%至95%之氧化亞氮排放⁴⁰，而Bacillus velezensis SQR9菌株亦可有效減緩氧化亞氮排放降釋放⁴¹。

　　除作物生產外，畜牧業亦為農業甲烷排放的主要來源，尤以反芻動物之腸內發酵與糞肥管理最為關鍵。相關研究顯示，透過中鏈脂肪酸⁴²、益生菌⁴³或抑制產甲烷菌之飼料添加劑，可改善瘤胃微生物組成與發酵效率，進而降低甲烷排放，部分技術可達 20%之減量效果。此外，牲畜糞便亦可作為微藻培養基質，藉由藻類生長吸收二氧化碳並轉化為高價值生物質，形成兼具廢棄物處理與碳固定潛力之循環模式。

　　農業廢棄物隨農業生產規模擴大而持續增加，已成為環境污染與溫室氣體排放的重要來源之一。透過資源化與生物轉化技術，可將農業廢棄物由排放負擔轉化為減碳與循環利用之關鍵資源。在能源應用方面，農業廢棄物可經厭氧消化轉化為沼氣，用於發電、供熱及運輸燃料，研究顯示可降低 60%至80% 之溫室氣體排放^44,45，亦可進一步製成生物乙醇、生物柴油與氫能等再生能源⁴⁶。於飼料生產上，透過固態發酵與微生物轉化^47-49，製備微生物蛋白飼料，降低對傳統飼料作物之依賴。含木質纖維素之廢棄物亦可作為菇類栽培基質^47,50，減少廢棄物處理衝擊。另以農業廢棄物製成生物有機肥，可改善土壤肥力、促進微生物多樣性並減少化肥使用⁴⁹。此外，透過生物精煉技術，農業廢棄物亦可轉化為化學品^46,51、生物活性物質⁴⁶與生質材料⁵²，這些技術不僅提供農業減碳的可行解方，也帶來經濟效益與環境永續性之提升。

• 製藥產業

　　以英國為例，醫療保健系統碳足跡約佔全國總排放量的5%，其中藥品製造、供應與使用階段即貢獻了約25%的碳排放⁶³。McKinsey & Company調查20多家原料藥廠，指出各方針可減少的排放量，透過提升製程效率（約5~10%）、導入綠色化學（約30%）、使用再生能源（約5~10%排放量）及採用永續原料及溶劑（約50%）⁶⁴，若能全面實行可望使企業碳足跡降低高達90%之碳足跡。

　　綜合文獻與現況分析，製藥產業的減碳策略主要集中於生物催化技術、生物合成、綠色化學、再生能源利用與廢棄物資源化。近年來，連續式製程及生物製造等創新應用也加速普及，顯示製藥產業正由單一技術改善逐步轉向供應鏈整合及系統性脫碳，朝經濟與環境永續並重方向發展。

五、總結

　隨著全球淨零排放趨勢發展，生技產業憑藉其前瞻創新技術與高附加價值特性，正從傳統的高耗能製程，轉型為落實生物負碳技術的產業體系。綜合本研究分析，未來產業發展應聚焦於三大關鍵導向：

1. 建立標準化碳匯認證與轉化綠色收益：在於建立標準化且具國際公信力的生物碳匯認證路徑，協助農民及企業將具體的減碳或固碳貢獻，轉化為具交易價值的碳信用資產。利用微生物肥料替代傳統化肥，或開發生物催化技術，以加速生技產業綠色製程轉型，更能將減碳行動轉化為實質的經濟收益。
2. 建構跨域循環生態系與資源高值化：透過先進的生物精煉技術，將農業剩餘資材轉化為生物燃料、生物電池或綠色化學品等高附加價值產品。此舉不僅能有效減輕環境廢棄物負擔，更透過跨產業的技術融合，開創永續能源與生物基材料的新興市場，實現資源循環與價值最大化。
3. 接軌國際法規與加速技術產業化：因應歐盟CRCF框架與美國IRA法案等國際趨勢，臺灣生技產業應積極強化減碳韌性。藉由負碳技術的開發與精準微生物應用，生技產業將不再僅是環境治理的參與者，而是推動國家實現NDC 3.0減量目標、接軌國際氣候治理標準的關鍵推手，為國內產業轉型提供兼具環保與競爭力的策略借鏡。

　　未來生技產業將以負碳技術為核心，驅動經濟增長與環境永續之雙贏，成為我國邁向 2050 淨零目標不可或缺的策略基石。

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