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宋氏九刺鮨（Cephalopholis sonnerati）主要分布在熱帶和亞熱帶的珊瑚礁海域。這種魚體色鮮紅，頭部和背部有深褐色花紋，看起來相當漂亮。由於其外觀和肉質兼具高經濟價值，宋氏九刺鮨近年成為養殖業的新興品種，又被稱為紅瓜石斑或紅瓜子斑。目前市場價格可達每公斤 1350 元。是一般石斑魚的五倍，展現出極大的商業潛力。
不過，宋氏九刺鮨的生長速度偏慢，大約養殖15個月時體重才達到約548.67克，因此研究牠的繁殖生理與遺傳特性，並嘗試改良生長速度，具有重要意義。
種魚培育可選用4-5齡的性成熟雌魚與雄魚，雄魚精子活力皆高於 85%。雌性親魚的平均體重為 2.32 ± 0.37 kg，平均體全長為 47.50 ± 1.99 cm；雄性親魚的平均體重為 2.07 ± 0.25 kg，平均體全長約為 45.77 ± 1.54 cm。選定性成熟的親魚後，以 LHRH-A3（劑量 15 μg/kg）與 HCG（劑量 300 IU/kg）誘導其成熟與排卵。處理後 48 小時以人工擠壓雌魚腹部取得卵子，進行人工授精。約可獲得 1,200,000 粒受精卵，受精卵可在水溫約 24 °C、鹽度 28–30 ppt、並有微充氣的水體環境中孵化。當胚胎發育至尾芽期時，卵被轉移至育苗池繼續培育，此時放卵密度為 7.5 g/m³，水溫約為 25 °C。
宋氏九刺鮨的仔魚在人工可控環境下培育，水溫維持在 26.0–28.0 °C，溶氧量保持在 6.0 mg/L 以上。從孵化到卵黃囊尚未吸收完成期間（0–5 日齡），換水量控制在 0.2–0.3 m³/h；自第 9 日起，當背鰭與腹鰭棘開始長出後，逐漸將流量提高至 5 m³/h。
餌料投餵方案如下：第 0–4 日齡，在仔魚尚未開口攝食前，於水體中添加濃縮小球藻，濃度為 8 × 10⁵ 個細胞/mL；第 5–15 日齡，投餵小型（SS 型）輪蟲，密度為每毫升 6–8 隻；第 16–23 日齡，每日投餵兩次 L 型輪蟲，密度為每毫升 5–6 隻；第 24–30 日齡，每日投餵兩次豐年蝦無節幼生，密度為每毫升 3–4 隻；30 日齡之後，開始逐步添加人工飼料。
在執行上述投餵方案之後，魚苗進入快速生長階段，此時殘食現象變得相當嚴重，殘食率可達 14%。因此，在白天適度增加投餵次數，並持續投餵至每次餵食約有三分之二以上的魚苗停止進食為止，每日餵食 2–3 次。餵食結束後 30 分鐘，關閉燈光，並在池中放置 PVC 管等躲藏物，使殘食率降至 5% 以內，魚苗必須要定期過篩、分級培育以減少損失。
The tomato grouper (Cephalopholis sonnerati), also known in Taiwan as the red gua stone grouper or red gua grouper, is mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical coral reef habitats. Its bright red coloration and distinctive dark brown patterns on the head and back make it particularly attractive. Because of its appealing appearance and excellent flesh quality, this species has recently become a promising new candidate for aquaculture. The market price can reach up to NT$1350 per kilogram — about five times that of common groupers — demonstrating remarkable commercial potential.
However, the growth rate of C. sonnerati is relatively slow: after about 15 months of cultivation, its average body weight reaches only about 548.67 g. Understanding its reproductive physiology and genetic characteristics, and improving its growth performance, are therefore of great importance.
For broodstock selection, sexually mature fish aged four to five years are used. The sperm motility of males is generally higher than 85%. On average, mature females weigh 2.32 ± 0.37 kg with a total length of 47.50 ± 1.99 cm, while males weigh 2.07 ± 0.25 kg and measure about 45.77 ± 1.54 cm in length. After broodstock selection, reproductive induction is conducted using LHRH-A3 (15 μg/kg) combined with HCG (300 IU/kg) to stimulate maturation and ovulation. Forty‑eight hours later, eggs are obtained by gently pressing the abdomen of the females for artificial fertilization. Approximately 1,200,000 fertilized eggs can be collected.
The eggs are incubated in aerated seawater at around 24 °C and salinity of 28–30 ppt. When embryos develop to the tail‑bud stage, they are transferred to larval rearing tanks at an initial density of 7.5 g/m³ with a water temperature of about 25 °C. During larval rearing under controlled conditions, water temperature is maintained between 26.0–28.0 °C and dissolved oxygen above 6.0 mg/L. From hatching until complete absorption of the yolk sac (0–5 days old), the water exchange rate is maintained at 0.2–0.3 m³/h. Starting from day 9, as the dorsal and pelvic fin spines begin to form, the flow rate is gradually increased to 5 m³/h.
Feeding protocols are as follows: from 0–4 days post‑hatch, concentrated Chlorella is added to the water at 8 × 10⁵ cells/mL before the larvae start feeding; from 5–15 days, small‑type (SS) rotifers are offered at 6–8 individuals/mL; from 16–23 days, large‑type (L) rotifers are fed twice daily at 5–6 individuals/mL; from 24–30 days, newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii are provided twice daily at 3–4 individuals/mL; after 30 days, artificial feed is gradually introduced.
Once this feeding scheme is applied, larvae enter a rapid growth phase, during which cannibalism becomes severe — reaching up to 14%. To minimize this, feeding frequency is increased moderately during daylight hours, continuing each feeding until at least two‑thirds of the larvae stop eating. Feeding is carried out 2–3 times per day. About 30 minutes after feeding, the lights are turned off, and PVC pipes or other hiding structures are placed in the tanks to reduce cannibalism to below 5%. Regular size grading and sorting are essential to minimize losses and ensure healthy growth.
參考文獻: Wang Y, Ding T, Tian Y, Bai D, Jiao X, Wang S, Zhang C, Yang F, Wang L, Li Z, et al. Embryonic Development and Growth Performance of the Tomato Hind Grouper (Cephalopholis sonnerati): A New Cultivated Aquaculture Species. Animals. 2025; 15(24):3655. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15243655
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